Define: Civil Complaint

A civil complaint, also known as a petition or claim, is a legal document filed by a plaintiff with a court to initiate a civil lawsuit against one or more defendants. The complaint sets forth the factual allegations, legal claims, and demands for relief asserted by the plaintiff against the defendant(s). It typically contains information about the parties involved, a statement of the facts giving rise to the dispute, the legal basis for the plaintiff’s claims, and the specific relief or remedies sought by the plaintiff, such as monetary damages or injunctive relief. Once filed, the defendant(s) must respond to the complaint within a specified time frame, usually by filing an answer or other responsive pleading. The civil complaint serves as the initial pleading that sets the stage for the litigation process, outlining the issues to be resolved and providing notice to the defendant(s) of the claims against them.

A civil complaint is the first pleading in a civil case and initiates a civil lawsuit to seek relief for damages. The civil complaint will give notice to the defendant that legal action has begun against them by the plaintiff and will outline the material facts and legal theories of the case. The complaint will also ask the court for a legal remedy, generally monetary compensation, although it can also include an order to control the future actions of the defendant(s) through an injunction.

Included with the complaint will be a court summons which will provide the deadline for the answer to the complaint. The allotted time to respond to the complaint will vary by state and the type of complaint. For instance, claims for child support or evictions may allow a shorter time to reply. To answer a complaint you must include the name of the court and county, the name and address of the person who sued you (plaintiff), your name and address (defendant), and the case number and name of the judge. Talk to a lawyer if you have more questions about your case and to determine the cost for representing you.

This site contains general legal information but does not constitute professional legal advice for your particular situation. Persuing this glossary does not create an attorney-client or legal adviser relationship. If you have specific questions, please consult a qualified attorney licensed in your jurisdiction.

This glossary post was last updated: 29th March 2024.